Cuidados de enfermería al paciente trasplantado renal período pre-operatorio, pos trasplante inmediato y temprano en la Unidad de Trasplante Renal del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Nursing care of the renal transplant patient pre-operative, immediate posttransplant and early post-transplant periods in the Renal Transplant Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital

El trasplante renal es considerado como la mejor alternativa de tratamiento sustitutivo para la enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT)1, es el procedimiento quirúrgico que consiste en reemplazar un riñón sano de un donante vivo o cadavérico a una persona con diagnóstico de ERCT, que ayuda a mejorar su calidad de vida, la reinserción a sus actividades sociales, físicas, emocionales, laborales y sexuales. La Organización Nacional de Trasplantes de España (ONT) en el año 2018, reportó que en la Unión Europea se realizaron 21 102 y en Latinoamérica 12 806 trasplantes renales2, en Ecuador el Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) en los años 2007-2020 reportó un total de 1 6153, le correspondió al Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín (HECAM) el 32% del total de trasplantes renales realizados entre el periodo 2007-20184. La evaluación del potencial receptor es realizada por un equipo multidisciplinario con formación académica, experiencia certificada en los diferentes procesos y acreditados por el Instituto Nacional de Donación y Trasplantes (INDOT)5. Los cuidados de enfermería enmarcados en esta ruta, son especializados e integrales, que incluyen los períodos pre operatorio, pos trasplante inmediato y temprano al incorporar además un proceso educativo entre enfermera, paciente y familia/ cuidador, con el fin de preservar la sobrevida del injerto.

Renal transplantation is considered the best alternative replacement treatment for end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESRD)1, it is the surgical procedure that consists of replacing a healthy kidney from a living or cadaveric donor to a person diagnosed with ESRD, which helps to improve their quality of life, reintegration to their social, physical, emotional, work and sexual activities. The National Transplant Organization of Spain (ONT) in 2018, reported that In the European Union 21 102 and in Latin America 12 806 renal transplants were performed2, in Ecuador the Ministry of Public Health (MSP) in the years 2007-2020 reported a total of 1 6153, corresponded to the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital (HECAM) 32% of the total number of renal transplants performed between 2007-20184. The evaluation of the potential recipient is performed by a multidisciplinary team with academic training, certified experience in the different processes and accredited by the National Institute of Donation and Transplantation (INDOT)5. The nursing care framed in this route is specialized and comprehensive, including the pre-operative, immediate post-transplant and early post-transplant periods, incorporating an educational process between nurse, patient and family/caregiver, in order to preserve graft survival.

The preoperative risk tool SURPAS accurately predicts outcomes in emergency surgery

O Sistema de Avaliação Pré-operatória de Risco Cirúrgico (SURPAS) utiliza oito variáveis para prever com precisão complicações pós-operatórias , mas não foi suficientemente estudado em cirurgia de emergência. Avaliamos o SURPAS em cirurgia de emergência, comparando-o com o Emergency Surgery Score (ESS). As estimativas SURPAS e ESS de mortalidade em 30 dias e morbidade geral foram calculadas para operações de emergência no banco de dados ACS-NSQIP de 2009­2018 e comparadas usando gráficos e taxas observadas com as esperadas, índices c e pontuações de Brier. Foram excluídos os casos com dados incompletos. Em 205.318 pacientes de emergência, o SURPAS subestimou (8,1%; 35,9%) enquanto a ESS superestimou (10,1%; 43,8%) observou mortalidade e morbidade (8,9%; 38,8%). Cada um mostrou boa calibração em gráficos observados e esperados. O SURPAS apresentou melhores índices c (0,855 vs. 0,848 de mortalidade; 0,802 vs. 0,755 de morbidade), enquanto o escore de Brier foi melhor para ESS para mortalidade (0,0666 vs. 0,0684) e para SURPAS para morbidade (0,1772 vs. 0,1950). O SURPAS previu com precisão a mortalidade e a morbidade em cirurgias de emergência usando oito variáveis preditoras.

Planning surgery for young people with learning disabilities.

Surgery for spinal deformity is complex and preparation involves a wide multidisciplinary team. For young people with learning disabilities, especially those who have behaviour that challenges, there are further considerations to ensure that their hospital stay is a positive experience and all their additional needs are met. Staff and carers need to be well informed and there must be effective communication. Evaluation of one patient's journey through pre-assessment, surgery and rehabilitation has identified the need for more input from learning disability liaison nurses in acute children's services.

Effect of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Administration on Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section with Epidural Anesthesia: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate administration on patients undergoing Cesarean section with epidural anesthesia. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical study. METHODS: A total of 75 patients undergoing Cesarean section (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status grade I-II) were randomized to preparation with a carbohydrate drink (CHO group), flavored water (placebo group), or to the fasting group. The CHO and placebo groups were double-blinded and given 300 mL of the drink 2 hours before surgery. Visual analog scores of the patient were assessed to evaluate thirst, hunger, and anxiety level, and the gastric antral cross-sectional areas were recorded by ultrasonography during the operative period. Insulin resistance was calculated on the basis of the blood glucose and insulin levels assessed before administration and after surgery. FINDINGS: The CHO and placebo groups did not show an increase in gastric fluid volumes in terms of gastric antral cross-sectional area, and there were no adverse events. The visual analog scale scores at preoperative baseline were not different between groups . During the preoperative waiting period, preparation with CHO reduced not only thirst and anxiety more efficiently than water (placebo) but also hunger (P < .05), whereas water did not. No difference was observed in insulin resistance between groups before intake of the drink. Compared with the preoperative levels, insulin resistance showed a statistically significant increase in all groups (P < .05); however, the increase was significantly higher in the fasting and placebo groups than in the CHO group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative administration of CHO decreases postoperative insulin resistance and enhances pregnant women's comfort, leading to a reduced sense of thirst, hunger, and anxiety during the preoperative period for Cesarean section.

The efficacy of nursing intervention to reduce preoperative anxiety in patients with total knee arthroplasty: A protocol of prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Some patients undergoing the total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have suboptimal postoperative results, and preoperative anxiety may be one of the reasons for these unsatisfactory results. We perform this randomized control study protocol to determine the effectiveness of nursing intervention, on the basis of motivational interview, to decrease the preoperative anxiety in patients receiving TKA. METHODS: This is a double-blinded, single-center, placebo-controlled and randomized trial, which will be conducted from December 2020 to June 2021. The protocol of this study was approved by the West China Hospital of Sichuan University (W20200803-28). Sixty patients who will undergo TKA are included in our study. Patients are randomly divided into experiential group (with 30 patients) and the control group (with 30 patients). The control group and experimental group receive an informative and separate session via nursing about the operation preparation and operation process. Both the control group and the experimental group are given habitual treatment, but the experimental group need to receive additional motivational interviews. The primary outcomes are the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale. Secondary outcome is postoperative pain, which is assessed by visual analogue scale . RESULTS: Figure 1 will display the comparison of preoperative and postoperative total average anxiety scores in control group and the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Preoperative psychological distress is familiar in our patients. We hypothesized that nursing intervention may be associated with reduced preoperative anxiety in the patients receiving TKA.

Preoperative nursing visit reduces preoperative anxiety and postoperative complications in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized clinical trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety is a kind of emotional disorder caused by acute conditions or trigger. It is manifested in the components of the autonomic nervous system, for instance, stress, anxiety, nervosity, and discomfort. Most patients with anxiety are more active, nervous, and alert to various stimuli. Inappropriate management of early postoperative anxiety will not only prolong recovery but also increase the risk of other complications. We conduct a randomized clinical trial to investigate the influences of nursing visits against the preoperative anxiety and postoperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: This is a single center, placebo-controlled randomized trial, which will be performed from August 2020 to December 2020. The trial is performed in accordance with the SPIRIT Checklist for randomized studies. It is authorized by the Ethics Committee of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province (D20211-34). Two hundred patients undergoing LC will be included in this study. Patients are randomly divided into 2 groups: experiential group (n = 100) or control group (n = 100). The experimental group is given preoperative nursing visit to each patient 1 day before the operation, whereas the control group did not receive the preoperative nursing intervention. The patients in experience group also received education on the surgery team and the environment of operating room, the process of anesthesia, advantages of laparoscopic surgery, and the postoperative care from recovery room to discharge. The primary outcomes include State-Trait anxiety level and postoperative visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes include total consumption of analgesics and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Figure (a) will show the comparison of outcomes between 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The preoperative nursing visit may decrease the anxiety and the complications after operation in patients receiving LC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study protocol is registered in Research Registry (researchregistry5924).

Care of the surgical patient: part 1.

This article provides clinical guidance on the care of a patient undergoing an elective surgical procedure. It discusses preoperative care and the preparation of the patient. It aims to provide an awareness of the complications associated with perioperative care. Through the use of a patient case study, the authors demonstrate the care required across the full perioperative journey from diagnosis to discharge.

Implementación del listado de verificación preoperatorio de enfermería para cirugía segura / Nursing preoperative checklist for safe surgery

ANTECEDENTES: La seguridad en la atención de los pacientes es un aspecto prioritario en la organización y funcionamiento de todo sistema de salud. La valoración de enfermería en las salas de internación permite detectar dificultades o problemas en el preoperatorio que pueden poner en riesgo la vida del paciente o el resultado esperado de la intervención. Se deben generar protocolos que garanticen seguridad para los pacientes disminuyendo al máximo los errores. OBJETIVO: Implementar la lista de verificación preoperatoria de enfermería para disminuir los errores en el ingreso de pacientes a quirófanos. LUGAR: Hospital Universitario-. División Quirófanos - Departamento de Cirugía - Dirección de Enfermería. POBLACIÓN: Pacientes internados para cirugías programadas. MÉTODO: Observacional, exploratorio, longitudinal prospectivo con análisis retrospectivo. Implementación preoperatoria de lista de verificación en sala de internación por enfermería. RESULTADOS: En Mayo de 2018 se operaron 355 pacientes en los quirófanos centrales. Hubo 183 errores de un total de 158 cirugías programadas. La falla más frecuente fue el ingreso de pacientes con ropa interior o ropa de cama en 59 (32,2%), seguido por falta de gorro o cofia en 22 (12%), e ingreso de pacientes con prótesis dental en 21 (11,5%). En la segunda etapa aún con la planilla de verificación de enfermería preoperatoria implementada persistieron los errores en un 48 %. CONCLUSIÓN: se deben promover acciones específicas para que los equipos quirúrgicos alcancen de forma sistemática las medidas de seguridad esenciales sin poner en riesgo la vida y bienestar de los pacientes quirúrgicos

BACKGROUND: The safety of patient care is a priority aspect in the organization and functioning of all health systems with direct implications on the quality of care. The assessment of nursing in the internment rooms allows to detect difficulties or problems in the preoperative that can endanger the life of the patient or the expected outcome of the intervention. This is where protocols must be generated to ensure safety for patients, minimizing errors. OBJECTIVE: To implement the pre-operative nursing checklist to reduce errors in the admission of patients to operating room. SETTING: University Hospital. Surgical Division - Department of Surgery - Nursing management. POPULATION: internal patients for scheduled surgeries. METHOD: Observational, exploratory, longitudinal prospective with retrospective analysis. Checklist preoperative nursing implementation. RESULTS: In May 2018, 355 patients were operated in the central operating rooms. 183 errors were found on 158 surgeries scheduled in a first stage. The most frequent failure was the admission of patients with underwear or bedding 59 (32.2%), followed by lack of cap or cap 22 (12%), and admission of patients with dental prosthesis 21 (11.5%). In the second stage, the nursing check list form was implemented but which could reduce the number of errors in the preoperative period to 48%. CONCLUSION: Specific actions should be promoted so that surgical teams systematically reach essential safety measures that jeopardize the life and well-being surgical patients

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Lung Transplant: Considerations for Critical Care Nursing Practice.

TOPIC: Candidates waiting for lung transplant are sicker now than ever before. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has become useful as a bridge to lung transplant for these critically ill patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Critical care nurses must be prepared to care for the increasing number of lung transplant patients who require this advanced support method. PURPOSE OF PAPER: To provide critical care nurses with the foundational knowledge essential for delivering quality care to this high-acuity transplant patient population. CONTENT COVERED: This review describes the types of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (venovenous and venoarterial), provides an overview of the indications and contraindications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and discusses the role of clinical bedside nurses in the treatment of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplant.

Using intervention mapping to develop an outpatient nursing nutritional intervention to improve nutritional status in undernourished patients planned for surgery.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition in surgical patients leads to a higher risk of postoperative complications like infections and delayed recovery of gastrointestinal functions, often resulting in a longer hospital stay and lower quality of life. Nurses at outpatient clinics can deliver nutritional care during outpatient preoperative evaluation of health status to ensure that patients are properly fed in preparation for hospital admission for surgery. However, nutritional nursing care was not determined in research yet. This paper describes the structural development of an Outpatient Nursing Nutritional Intervention (ONNI). METHODS: A project group followed the steps of the Intervention Mapping. The needs assessment included assessment of delivery of nutritional care and nutritional care needs at two anaesthesia outpatient clinics of an academic and a teaching hospital. Also, outpatient clinic nurses and patients at risk for undernutrition were interviewed. Determinants resulted from these methods were matched with theories on behaviour change and nutritional support. RESULTS: Both patients and nurses were unaware of the consequences of undernutrition, and nurses were also unaware of their roles with regard to nutritional support. The intervention goals were: 1) enabling surgical patients to improve or maintain their nutritional status before hospital admission for surgery, and 2) enabling nurses to deliver nutritional support. The ONNI was developed for outpatients at risk for or with undernutrition. A training was developed for nurses. The ONNI included the five following components: 1) identification of the causes of undernutrition; 2) provision of a nutritional care plan including general and individually tailored advice; 3) self-monitoring of nutrient intake; 4) counselling and encouragement; and 5) support during a telephone follow-up meeting. The intervention and training were tested. A multifaceted implementation strategy was used to deliver the intervention in daily practice. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the unique position of the nurses at outpatient clinics, nurses were unaware of their role with regard to nutritional care. The ONNI was developed and implemented along with a training program for nurses. The test confirmed that the training can improve nurses' knowledge, skills, and sense of responsibility for nutritional support. The intervention may empower patients to actively improve their nutritional status.

The use of mentholated popsicle to reduce thirst during preoperative fasting: A randomised controlled trial.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare mentholated popsicle with usual care (absolute fasting) in the change of thirst intensity and discomfort of patients in the preoperative fasting. BACKGROUND: Thirst is defined as the desire to drink water, and it is considered to be a multifactorial symptom. In the preoperative fasting, the patient may experience intense thirst, often for a long time, that can lead to feelings of suffocation, desperation, fear and anxiety. DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial. METHODS: Forty patients, aged between 18-60 years, were randomised to mentholated popsicle group or absolute fasting group (twenty in each). The primary outcomes were thirst intensity, evaluated by a numeric scale ranging from 0 (no thirst)-10 (the worst possible thirst), and discomfort from thirst (evaluated by the Perioperative Thirst Discomfort Scale), both measured twice (baseline and after 20 min of intervention). The CONSORT checklist was used to report this study. RESULTS: Mean age was similar in both groups (38 years in the mentholated popsicle group and 39 in the absolute fasting group). At baseline, the mentholated popsicle group had higher median for the scales of intensity (6.5) and discomfort (7.5) from thirst than the absolute fasting group (5.0 and 5.0, respectively). At the end of 20 min, the popsicle group had a statistically significant decrease in intensity and discomfort from thirst (median decreases of 5.0 and 7.0 points, respectively) when compared to the absolute fasting group (median increases of 0.5 and 1.0 points, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The use of mentholated popsicle decreased the intensity and discomfort from thirst, and it is a viable strategy for the management of thirst in the preoperative fasting. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: In the preoperative fasting, making mentholated popsicles available to patients is an easy strategy to manage thirst, which might lead to better care.

An outpatient nursing nutritional intervention to prehabilitate undernourished patients planned for surgery: A multicentre, cluster-randomised pilot study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To improve the nutritional status of surgical patients before hospital admission, an Outpatient Nursing Nutritional Intervention (ONNI) was developed. The ONNI comprehends five components: determining causes of undernutrition, performing a nutritional care plan including tailored and general advice, self-monitoring of nutritional intake and eating patterns, counselling and encouragement, and conducting a follow-up telephone call to discuss improvements in nutritional behaviour. Here, we evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the ONNI. METHODS: In a multi-centred, cluster-randomised pilot study, nurses from outpatient clinics were randomly allocated to usual care (UC) or the ONNI. Patients planned for elective surgery were included if they were at increased risk for undernutrition based on the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and hospital admission was not planned within seven days. Feasibility outcomes included participation rate, extent of intervention delivery, and patient satisfaction. Nutritional intake was monitored for two days before admission. Body weight, BMI and MUST scores at hospital admission were compared to measurements from the outpatient clinic visit. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis by researchers who were blinded for patients and caregivers. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients enrolled the feasibility phase. Participation rate was 72%. Nurses delivered all intervention components adequately in the end of the implementation period. Finally, 152 patients (IG: n = 66, 43%) participated in the study. A significant difference in mean energy intake (870 kcal/d, 95%CI:630-1109 p < 0.000) and mean protein intake (34.1 g/d, 95%CI: 25.0-43.2; p < 0.000) was observed in favour of the IG. Nutritional energy requirements were achieved in 74% (n = 46) of the IG and in 17% (n = 13) of the UC group (p < 0.000), and protein requirements were achieved in 52% (n = 32) of the IG, compared to 8% (n = 6) of the UC group (p < 0.000). Body weight, BMI and MUST scores did not change in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The ONNI is a feasible and effective intervention tool for nurses at outpatient clinics. Patients in the IG had more nutritional intake and fulfilled nutritional requirements significantly more often than patients receiving UC. Further research is required to determine the optimal pre-operative timing of nutritional support and to measure its effect on other patients groups. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered at the ClinicalTrial.gov website with the following identifier: NCT02440165.

Pessoa idosa com disfunção da eliminação urinária: intervenção do enfermeiro no autocuidado / Elderly person with urinary elimination dysfunction: nurse intervention in self-care

A elevada prevalência de patologia urológica e disfunção da eliminação urinária na pessoa idosa é referida na literatura como uma disfunção associada ao processo de envelhecimento, na qual a abordagem cirúrgica é frequentemente considerada. O enfermeiro tem uma importância significativa na capacitação da pessoa para o autocuidado, o qual é essencial à gestão de uma nova condição de saúde. Em contexto de cirurgia de ambulatório, a consulta de enfermagem préoperatória adquire uma elevada relevância, sobretudo na pessoa idosa. Porém, a mesma não existe em todas as instituições de saúde o que fundamentou este projeto de intervenção: a criação de uma consulta de enfermagem pré-operatória à pessoa idosa submetida a cirurgia de ambulatório de urologia, visando desenvolver conhecimento no cuidado centrado à pessoa idosa com disfunção da eliminação urinária e sua família e contribuir para a intervenção educativa do enfermeiro na promoção do autocuidado da eliminação urinária na pessoa idosa e família. Contextualizada no paradigma holístico e centrado na pessoa, esta consulta de enfermagem assentou nos pressupostos de uma relação de confiança e num compromisso, visando primordialmente a ativação da pessoa idosa para o autocuidado. Através da metodologia de trabalho de projeto, a consulta de enfermagem possibilitou: avaliação global da pessoa idosa; acesso e compreensão da informação; gestão do risco; educação, aconselhamento e promoção de boas práticas; qualidade de vida e bem-estar; satisfação com os cuidados de saúde. O percurso realizado permitiu o desenvolvimento de competências de mestre e especializadas de enfermagem no cuidado à pessoa idosa e família com disfunção da eliminação urinária.

A high prevalence of urological pathology and urinary voiding dysfunction in the elderly is cited in the published literature as one of the dysfunctions associated with the aging process, for which surgical treatment is frequently considered. The nursing team can have a significant impact in empowering the patients with the ability to self-care, which is an essential step in the management of a newly health condition. In the context of day case surgery, and even more so for the elderly patients, the preoperative nursing review is highly relevant. However, not all healthcare providers have implemented this service, and this was the stepping stone to our intervention project: the creation a preoperative nurse clinic for elderly patients who underwent urology outpatient surgical procedures. The aim of our project was to expand the knowledge in the field of the care of elderly patients with urinary voiding dysfunction and their families, and to streamline the educational intervention of nurses in promoting self-care in this population. With an holistic approach centered on the person, this nursing consultation was based on a relationship of presumed trust and on a commitment, aiming primarily at the activation of the elderly person for self-care. Through our project work methods, the nursing consultation enabled: a global assessment of the elderly person; a provision of access to information and understanding; risk management; education, counseling and promotion of best practices; a focus in quality of life and well-being; a global satisfaction with health care. The path taken led to the development of master and specialised nursing skills in caring for the elderly and their families with urinary voiding dysfunction.

Intervenção do enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de reabilitação: prehabilitation da pessoa proposta para cirurgia ortopédica / Intervention of the specialist nurse in rehabilitation nursing: prehabilitation of the person proposed for orthopedic surgery

O ato cirúrgico comporta um stress fisico e psicológico para a pessoa que se submete ao mesmo, quer esta esteja ou não em condições para o enfrentar. Posto isto, acreditamos que a pessoa proposta para uma cirurgia deve ser abordada no âmbito da sua capacitação para enfrentar as consequências do ato cirúrgico. Propomos assim o estabelecimento de um programa de prehabilitation, que se define por um processo de potenciação da capacidade funcional da pessoa no periodo préoperatório. O presente relatório pretende assim caracterizar a possibilidade de o enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de reabilitação desenvolver intervenções autónomas no âmbito da prehabilitation. Tratando-se de um relatório de estágio pretendemos também demonstrar, através das intervenções desenvolvidas, o desenvolvimento das competências enunciadas nos Descritores de Dublin para o 2º ciclo de ensino, o desenvolvimento das competências especificas do enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de reabilitação e das competências comuns do enfermeiro especialista, preconizadas pela Ordem dos Enfermeiros. Como teoria orientadora das intervenções realizadadas foi adotada a Teoria do Défice de Autocuidado em Enfermagem de Orem, uma vez que a capacidade de autocuidado se encontra diretamente ligada à capacidade funcional. Foi desenvolvida uma Revisão Narrativa da Literatura utilizando a metodologia PICo, com o intuito de identificar as intervenções supracitadas. O processo de investigação permitiu-nos identificar os principais objetivos do processo de prehabilitation sendo estes: aumentar a capacidade de exercício, aumentar a massa muscular, melhorar o estado nutricional e preparar a condição psicológica. Comprovou-se que o estado fisiológico basal da pessoa é um importante fator que afeta o resultado cirúrgico e que os fatores de risco modificáveis podem ser abordados antes da cirurgia. As intervenções a implementar inserem-se maioritariamente sob o exercício físico e a sua tolerância, mas também sob a melhoria da função respiratória, através de uma ação profilática com o treino dos músculos inspiratórios e com uma higiene brônquica eficaz.

The surgical procedure involves physical and psychological stress for the person who submits to it, whether they are able to face it or not. That said, we believe that the person proposed to a surgery must be approached in the ambit of training to face the consequences of a surgical act. We therefore propose the establishment of a prehabilitation program, which is defined by a process of enhancing the person's functional capacity in the preoperative period. This report intends to characterize the possibility of a nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing to develop autonomous measures in the scope of prehabilitation. In the case of an internship report, we also intend to demonstrate, through the skills developed, the development of the competencies set out in the Dublin Descriptors for the second teaching cycle, the development of the specific skills of the nurse specialist in rehabilitation nursing and of the common specialist nurse skills , recommended by the Ordem dos Enfermeiros. As the guiding theory of the interventions performed, Orem's General Theory of Self-Care was adopted, once the capacity for self-care is directly linked to functional capacity. A Narrative Literature review was developed using the PICo methodology, in order to identify the aforementioned measures. The common investigation process allows us to identify the main objectives of the prehabilitation process, namely: increasing exercise capacity, increasing muscle mass, improving nutritional status and psychological preparation. It has been proven that the person's baseline physiological status is an important factor that affect surgical outcome, and that modifiable risk factors can be controlled before surgery. The interventions to be implemented are mostly under physical exercise and tolerance, but also under the improvement of respiratory function, through a prophylactic action, with the training of inspiratory muscles and with effective bronchial hygiene.

Cuidar da criança e família em pré-operatório: intervenção de enfermagem na gestão do medo / Caring for the child and family in the preoperative period: nursing intervention in fear management

A hospitalização e a cirurgia constituem um momento crítico na vida da criança e família, potenciando a experiência de emoções negativas como o medo e podendo dar origem a experiências traumáticas, e com efeitos psicológicos duradouros para além do período pós-operatório. Devido à quebra com a sua rotina, à separação das suas figuras securizantes, à perda da sua autonomia, ao contacto com um ambiente desconhecido, com equipamento assustador e com pessoas desconhecidas, à possibilidade de lesão corporal e de dor, o bem-estar físico e psicológico da criança é afetado, verificando-se também a repercussão destes efeitos na própria família. Assim sendo, identifiquei como problemática relevante o medo da criança e família no período pré-operatório e o modo como o enfermeiro pode ajudar os mesmos, através da sua intervenção, enquanto gestor emocional. Este relatório pretende espelhar o percurso formativo realizado, através de uma metodologia de projeto e também através da descrição e análise de forma crítica e reflexiva das atividades realizadas, e competências comuns e específicas desenvolvidas em cinco contextos de estágio, concorrentes ao grau de Mestre e a título de Especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediátrica. Isto foi possível através da abordagem de conceções teóricas que sustentam e justificam a intervenção de enfermagem na gestão do medo da criança, como o Cuidado Centrado na Família, a parceria, a empowerment, a relação enfermeiro-cliente, os Cuidados Não Traumáticos e o trabalho emocional em enfermagem pediátrica. A conceção dominante e aglutinadora dos conceitos centrais que caracterizam a enfermagem de saúde infantil e pediátrica na atualidade, é a Teoria do Cuidado Humano de Jean Watson que nos refere que o cuidar envolve situações emocionalmente intensas. Os resultados demonstram que a preparação adequada da criança e família, através de intervenções de enfermagem apropriadas ao seu nível de desenvolvimento, permitem a diminuição do medo e facilitam a interação da criança com os profissionais de saúde.

Hospitalization and surgery are a critical moment in the life of the child and family, enhancing the experience of negative emotions such as fear and giving rise to traumatic experience, with lasting psychological effects beyond the postoperative period. Due to the break whit their rotine, the separation of their insurance figures, the loss of their autonomy, the contact with unknown environment, with scary equipment and with unknown people, the possibility of bodily injury and pain, physical well-being and the child's psychological condition is affected, as well as the repercussion of these effects on the family itself. Therefore, I identified the fear of the child and family in the preoperative period as a relevant issue and the way the nurse can help them, through her intervention, as an emotional manager. This report intends to mirror the training path carried out, through a project methodology and also through the critical and reflective description and analysis of the activities carried out, and common and specific skills developed in five internship contexts, competing for the Master's degree and the Specialist in Child and Pediatric Health Nursing. This was possible through the approach of theoretical concepts that support and justify the nursing intervention in the management of child fear, such as Family Centered Care, partnership, empowerment, the nurse-client relationship, NonTraumatic Care and work behavior in pediatric nursing. The dominant and agglutinating conception of the central concepts that caracterize child health nursing today is Jean Watson's Theory of Human Care that tells us that caring involves emotionally intense situations. The results demonstrate that the adequate preparation of the child and family, through nursing interventions appropriate to their level of development, allows the reduction of fear and facilitates the child's interaction with health professionals.

Factores de riesgo para ansiedad y depresión en el periodo preoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca / Fatores de risco para ansiedade e depressão no período pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Risk factors for anxiety and depression in the preoperative period of cardiac surgery

Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo de ansiedad y depresión en el período preoperatorio de la cirugía cardíaca.Método: Se trata de un estudio seccional, realizado entre enero y junio de 2017, en un hospital universitario de referencia en cardiología en el nordeste de Brasil. Se evaluaron 174 pacientes utilizando un cuestionario propio y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) y calculadas las Odds Ratios para evaluar el riesgo.Resultados: En la evaluación de la ansiedad, fueron factores de riesgo significativos: sexo femenino, años de estudio, ausencia de acompañante, experiencia previa de cirugía cardiaca y la cancelación de la cirugía durante el internamiento. En cuanto a la depresión, se revelaron factores de riesgo: sexo femenino y tiempo de internamiento mayor de 15 días.Conclusión: El enfermero tiene instrumentos disponibles para reconocer la ansiedad y la depresión, incluyendo los diagnósticos de enfermería y las escalas validadas, así como tiene un papel preponderante en la actuación en estos casos. Debe ser un desafío institucional dinamizar el servicio para evitar prolongaciones de la internación y cancelaciones de cirugía por cuestiones estructurales

Objetivo: avaliar os fatores de risco de ansiedade e depressão no período pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Método: Trata-se de um estudo seccional, realizado entre janeiro e junho de 2017, em um hospital universitário de referência em cardiologia no nordeste do Brasil. Foram avaliados 174 pacientes utilizando-se um questionário próprio e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS) e calculadas as Odds Ratios para avaliar o risco. Resultados: Na avaliação da ansiedade, foram fatores de risco significativos: sexo feminino, anos de estudo, ausência de acompanhante, experiência prévia de cirurgia cardíaca e o cancelamento da cirurgia durante o internamento. Quanto à depressão, revelaram-se fatores de risco: sexo feminino e tempo de internamento maior de 15 dias. Conclusão: O enfermeiro tem instrumentos disponíveis para reconhecer a ansiedade e a depressão, incluindo os diagnósticos de enfermagem e as escalas validadas, assim como tem papel preponderante na atuação nestes casos. Deve ser um desafio institucional dinamizar o serviço de forma a evitar prolongamentos do internamento e cancelamentos de cirurgia por questões estruturais

Objective: To evaluate the risk factors of anxiety and depression in the preoperative period of cardiac surgery.Method: This is a sectional study, conducted between January and June 2017, in a university hospital of reference in cardiology in northeastern Brazil. A total of 174 patients were evaluated using their own questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Odds Ratios were calculated to assess the risk.Results: In the assessment of anxiety, significant risk factors were: female gender, years of study, absence of companion, previous experience of cardiac surgery and cancellation of surgery during hospitalization. As for depression, risk factors were revealed: female sex and hospitalization time greater than 15 days.Conclusion: The nurse has instruments available to recognize anxiety and depression, including nursing diagnoses and validated scales, as well as having a preponderant role in these cases. It should be an institutional challenge to streamline the service in order to avoid prolongation of hospitalization and cancellations of surgery for structural reasons

Risk factors for intraoperative pressure injuries in patients undergoing digestive surgery: A retrospective study.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of intraoperative blanchable erythema and pressure injuries in patients undergoing digestive surgery and to explore potential risk factors. BACKGROUND: Pressure injuries pose significant economic and healthcare burden to patients and are used as one of the key indicators of nursing in the operation room with high incidence. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study. METHODS: Basic information and the results of 3S intraoperative risk assessment scale of pressure injury were obtained from the information system. And the patients with intraoperative blanchable erythema or pressure injuries were followed up for 72 hr by the information system. The clinical data were collected to analyse risk factors for intraoperative blanchable erythema and pressure injuries by univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis. STROBE checklist for cohort studies was applied in the preparation of the paper. RESULTS: Of 5,136 surgical cases, 134 (2.61%) had blanchable erythema, 37 (0.72%) had intraoperative pressure injuries, and 8 (0.16%) had pressure injuries at 72-hr follow-up. Preoperative skin under compression, preoperative physical activity, surgical position and extra intraoperative pressure were considered independent risk factors for intraoperative pressure injuries. CONCLUSION: The incidence of pressure injuries in our study was lower than those reported in the previous studies. Accessing preoperative skin under compression, preoperative physical activity, surgical position and extra intraoperative pressure was considered to be significant for preventing pressure injuries. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The findings suggest that preoperative skin under compression, preoperative physical activity, surgical position and extra intraoperative pressure are associated with intraoperative pressure injuries in patients undergoing digestive surgery.

Intervención de enfermería para modular el nivel de incertidumbre de pacientes pre-quirúrgicos / Nursing intervention to modulate the level of uncertainty of pre-surgical patients

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de una intervención de enfermería comparada con la intervención informativa habitual sobre el nivel de incertidumbre de un grupo de pacientes pre-quirúrgicos, controlando el nivel de ansiedad, en una institución privada de III nivel de atención de la ciudad de Girardot en el periodo noviembre del 2017 a mayo del 2018 Metodología: Abordaje cuantitativo, cuasi experimental, con pre y pos prueba, en un grupo experimental y control. Midiendo la ansiedad rasgo y estado con la escala de Idare y valorando el nivel de incertidumbre mediante la aplicación de la escala de incertidumbre del adulto (MIUS), elaborada por Merle Mishel, la muestra incluye pacientes que acuden a la valoración pre anestésico de una institución de salud, privada, de III nivel de la ciudad de Girardot Resultados: se encontraron niveles de ansiedad moderados y altos tanto para el grupo experimental como para el grupo comparación. Al igual que niveles de incertidumbre, medios y altos, en los dos grupos. El nivel de incertidumbre se modificó en el grupo experimental, lo cual se evidencio en los 4 factores de incertidumbre, teniendo marcada influencia en el factor ambigüedad, la cual aumento en 7 puntos después de la intervención, los demás factores, aunque se modificaron, no fueron tan significativos. Al estimar la correlación entre ansiedad e incertidumbre, el coeficiente de correlación fue de 0.035 p (<0.05), con un coeficiente de determinación de 0.238 lo que nos indica que a mayor ansiedad mayor incertidumbre; en los pacientes del estudio, la correlación es débil, pero significativamente diferente de 0. Conclusión: estos hallazgos, indican la necesidad de valorar la incertidumbre, e identificar factores que pueden estar relacionados, al ser altos predictores de la misma, como el dolor, la información y el apoyo social, que inciden positiva o negativamente en la aparición de la misma, las estrategias de enfermería utilizadas en este estudio, pueden considerarse, una herramienta, que permite el afrontamiento y la modulación del nivel de incertidumbre del paciente que va a ser intervenido quirúrgicamente. Discusión: aunque hay poca literatura al respecto, la existente señala, que la falta de información y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento, facilitan la adaptación del proceso de vivir la cirugía, del paciente que será intervenido quirúrgicamente. Recomendaciones: el estudio de estos fenómenos, permite a la disciplina de enfermería, utilizarlos como sustento teórico-práctico en el desarrollo de programas que se ajusten a las necesidades de cuidado del paciente que será intervenido quirúrgicamente. (AU)

Objective: To determine the effect of a nursing intervention compared with the usual informative intervention on the level of uncertainty of a group of pre-surgical patients, controlling the level of anxiety, in a private institution of III level of care of the city of Girardot in the period November 2017 to May 2018 Methodology: Quantitative, quasi-experimental approach, with pre- and post-test, in an experimental and control group. Measuring the trait and state anxiety with the Idare scale and assessing the level of uncertainty through the application of the adult uncertainty scale (MIUS), developed by Merle Mishel, the sample includes patients who come to the pre-anesthetic assessment of an institution of health, private, of III level of the city of Girardot Results: moderate and high levels of anxiety were found for both the experimental group and the comparison group. As Levels of uncertainty, medium and high, in the two groups. The level of uncertainty was modified in the experimental group, which was evidenced in the 4 uncertainty factors, having a marked influence on the ambiguity factor, which increased by 7 points after the intervention, the other factors, although modified, were not so significant When estimating the correlation between anxiety and uncertainty, the correlation coefficient was 0.035 p (<0.05), with a coefficient of determination of 0.238, which indicates that the greater the anxiety, the greater the uncertainty; in the Study patients, the correlation is weak, but significantly different from 0. Conclusion: these findings indicate the need to assess uncertainty, and identify factors that may be related to being high predictors of it, such as pain, information and social support, which have a positive or negative impact on the appearance of it, The nursing strategies used in this study can be considered a strategy that allows coping and modulation of the level of uncertainty of the patient who is going to be operated on. Discussion: although there is little literature on the subject, the existing one points out that the lack of information and the use of coping strategies, facilitate the adaptation of the process of living the surgery, of the patient that will be operated surgically. Recommendations: the study of these phenomena allows the nursing discipline to be used as a theoretical and practical support in the development of programs that adjust to the needs of the patient who will be operated onAbstract. (AU)

A prospective observational study of the impact of an electronic questionnaire (ePAQ-PO) on the duration of nurse-led pre-operative assessment and patient satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: Standard pre-operative assessment at our institution involves a comprehensive history and examination by a nurse practitioner. An electronic pre-operative assessment questionnaire, ePAQ-PO® (ePAQ, Sheffield, UK) has previously been developed and validated. This study aimed to determine the impact of ePAQ-PO on nurse consultation times and patient satisfaction in low-risk patients. METHODS: The duration of pre-operative assessment consultation was recorded for American Society of Anesthesiology physical classification 1 and 2 patients undergoing pre-operative assessment by an electronic questionnaire (ePAQ-PO group) and standard face-to-face assessment by a nurse practitioner (standard group). Patients were also asked to complete an eight-item satisfaction questionnaire. Eighty-six patients were included (43 in each group). RESULTS: After adjusting for the duration of physical examination, median (IQR [min-max]) consultation time was longer in the standard compared to the ePAQ-PO group (25 (18-33 [10-49]) min vs. 12 (8-17 [4-45]) min, respectively; p <0.001). Response rate for the satisfaction questionnaire was 93%. There was no significant difference in patient satisfaction scores (38/39 in standard group vs. 39/41 in ePAQ-PO group were fully satisfied with their pre-operative assessment; p = 0.494). CONCLUSION: Pre-operative assessment using ePAQ-PO is associated with a significant reduction of over 50% in the duration of the assessment without impacting on patient satisfaction.

The effect of nursing intervention on preoperative cataract.

This retrospective study investigated the effect of nursing intervention (NIV) in Chinese patients under preoperative cataract (PC). A total of 70 eligible patients with PC were included. Thirty-five patients in an intervention group received regular clinical treatment and NIV before the surgery, while the other 35 patients received regular clinical treatment only. The NIV was applied 4 sessions, 1 week before the surgery. The primary outcome of satisfaction was measured by 11-points visual analog scale. The secondary outcomes were measured by the functional impairment caused by cataract (the VF-14), cooperativeness during the surgery period, and sleep quality. All the outcome measurements were assessed before and after the surgery. After NIV, patients in the intervention group exerted better outcomes in decreasing anxiety (P < .01), increasing current experience with satisfaction (P < .01), and enhancing the cooperativeness during the surgery period (P < .01), compared to those outcomes in the control group. The results of this study showed that NIV may help increase satisfaction in experience and cooperation, and decrease anxiety in Chinese patients with PC.